Unmetabolized ethylene glycol contributes to CNS depression. Patients who present late may have renal failure with normal osmolal and anion gaps and no acidosis or measurable ethylene glycol levels (Ford M 1991). Propylene glycols have relatively low toxicity. It is found in hand cleansers and disinfecting gels. Propylene glycol (PG) is a commonly used solvent for oral, intravenous, and topical pharmaceutical agents. Both experimental and anecdotal evidence to date indicate PG to be completely non-carcinogenic, despite its "petroleum-based" origin. It has not been found to cause cancer, damage genes or interfere with fertility or reproduction. I am an avid supporter of using natural products, avoiding putting toxins into our bodies whenever possible or practical. The oral LD50 in rats was 3089 and 9456 mg/kg EGPE and EGPEA, respectively. To review relevant content, see Mechanism of Toxicity in this section. Propylene glycol (PG) is absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract following oral administration 2,3,4; Topical exposure is unlikely to produce toxic effect unless applied to open wounds or burn sites 5; Between 12% and 46% of PG is cleared unchanged by the kidney and the rest undergoes hepatic metabolism 6; Metabolism 7,8,9. Toxicity from ingestion has been reported only once, when a man drank the contents of an ice pack containing propylene glycol, which most likely was not of a food-grade quality and may have contained other potentially harmful chemicals. CNS depression begins soon after exposure, lasting for up to 12 hours after ingestion. 7. Kidney damage usually develops 24-72 hours after exposure. CE Expiration Date: October 3, 2012 aerosols, propylene glycol may be considered as a solvent with acceptable toxicity. Tachypnea generally appears in which of the following stages: After the glycoaldehyde forms (at 4-12 hours) and metabolic acidosis begins, CNS depression—if it is a serious intoxication—can lead to the following effects: An osmolal gap, without metabolic acidosis, or an anion gap may be seen before significant metabolism of ethylene glycol occurs. Which of the following cellular biochemical reactions can be inhibited by acid and aldehyde metabolites of ethylene glycol? Use plenty of moisturizing products to help lock moisture into your hair shaft, which can help prevent any potential problems caused by a humectant. Delayed clinical toxicity results from conversion of ethylene glycol to metabolites of greater toxicity. Signs of metabolic acidosis due to the metabolites may become apparent late in stage 1. CE Original Date: October 3, 2007 This depression appears similar to ethanol intoxication, but without the characteristic odor of alcohol. Download Printer-Friendly version [PDF - 496 KB], Upon completion of this section, you should be able to. It is a colorless, odorless liquid that is completely water-soluble. Even with prolonged direct exposure, there is little to no skin irritation or sensitization. You won’t get a large enough dose in your food to cause this problem. Federal Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. It is used as a solvent for pigments in cosmetics. As ethylene glycol is metabolized, the osmolal gap, if present, will decrease and an anion gap metabolic acidosis evolves. In cats, ingestion of a diet containing 6%–12% PG can result in Heinz body formation and decreased RBC survival. As a curly, it would be wise to be aware if you are using products that contain this ingredient, just in case you observe increased frizz or dryness. Propylene glycol → lactic acid → pyruvic acid → CO2 + water. According to S cholar Chemistry’s (now Ward’s Chemistry) material safety data sheet, problems associated with liquid GP include irritation and sensitivity to the eyes, skin, and mucous membranes. Unlike its dangerous and frequently lethal cousin, ethylene glycol, PG is easily metabolized by the liver into normal products of the citric acid metabolic cycle, which are completely nontoxic to the body. C. DNA replication In an interesting study, some rats were fed propylene glycol at amounts equal to 5% of all of their food intake every day for two years, which is a pretty huge volume over a large portion of their lifetime. Although less toxic than EG, ingestion of propylene glycol (PG) may be associated with a toxic syndrome similar to the acute phase of EG toxicosis. The concern arises when propylene glycol is heated up and inhaled. C. stage 3 (24 – 72 hr) Ethylene glycol ingestion results initially in CNS effects. Gaunt, IF, Carpanini, FMB, Grasso, P and Lansdown, ABG, "Long-term toxicity of propylene glycol in rats, Food and Cosmetics Toxicology," April 1972, 10(2), pages 151-162. A. oxidative phosphorylation and cellular respiration Acidosis and acute renal failure may result from deposition of calcium oxalate crystals in the kidneys. oxidative phosphorylation and cellular respiration, gastrointestinal irritation (nausea and vomiting). Propylene glycol CASRN 57-55-6 | DTXSID0021206. Our website is made possible by displaying online advertisements to our visitors. Editor's Note: Since the original publication of this article discussing the use of propylene glycol in personal hair products and food, the popularity of e-cigarettes has brought increased attention to this ingredient. D. All of the above. There were no observable effects on their health or behavior. Ethylene glycol itself is toxic, but its harmful effects mainly result from the accumulation of its more toxic metabolites. It can be used as a preservative due to its antifungal and antimicrobial properties. Propylene glycol is used as an organic solvent and diluent in pharmaceuticals and many other industrial applications. However, signs and symptoms in an individual patient might not be separated so cleanly and could have much overlap. I get frustrated by the dissemination of inaccurate and incomplete information in an attempt to frighten consumers into using different products. Remember: in the chemical industry when a worker is exposed to continuous and large quantities of a chemical in its concentrated form, it is imperative to use the strongest safety precautions possible. The application of propylene glycol that is most relevant to those of us with curly hair is as a humectant. B. stage 2 (12 – 24 hr) I do not personally consider a petroleum-sourced product to be a bad thing, as I consider the final structure and its properties to be more relevant than the source (unless contamination is a concern). Lightly moisturizes: Herrmann adds that as a humectant, it also offers moisturizing benefits and smoothes the skin with a light, non … Although less toxic than EG, ingestion of propylene glycol (PG) may be associated with a toxic syndrome similar to the acute phase of EG toxicosis. However, I hesitate to support marketing materials that use this as a selling point. 8. They also may lead to hypocalcemia secondary to calcium oxalate precipitation. 1962). Propylene glycol has been designated by the FDA as “generally recognized as safe,” or GRAS, for consumption; however, according to the Federal Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, "We have little information about what happens to propylene glycol in the air." Its inclusion in a formula can fulfill a variety of purposes, which makes it a popular choice by the cosmetics chemist. Propylene glycol is non-toxic when ingested, even in reasonably large amounts. A. stage 1 (0.5 – 12 hr) PG is a synthetic product obtained from the hydration of propylene oxide, which is derived from petroleum products. His paper did use “worst-case” assumptions, but we can’t ignore this point entirely. Propylene glycol (also known as 1,2 propanediol) is a relatively small molecule with two alcohol (hydroxyl) groups (-OH). /LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Propylene glycol was relatively harmless (LD50 = 21 g/kg) in acute oral toxicity studies involving rats. B. protein synthesis Propylene glycol (PG) is one of the least toxic glycols. An example is the application of salt to roads and walkways in a snowstorm. Large doses and unusual circumstances are necessary for the development of propylene glycol toxicity. In April 2018, the New York Times reported on the presence of formaldehyde in e-cigarettes, "E-cigs often use propylene glycol or glycerol to help transport nicotine and flavors and to create the big vapor cloud. Propylene glycol is a commonly used solvent for oral, intravenous, and topical pharmaceutical preparations. Propylene glycol is safe in small doses. Currently there is little research on the long-term effects of inhalation of propylene glycol through e-cigarettes. While few chemicals are entirely without risk, propylene glycol is considered to be safe at the low concentrations, used in personal care products and even food products. It is a synthetic liquid substance that absorbs water and is used by the chemical, food, and pharmaceutical industries for a wide variety of reasons. The accumulation of organic acid metabolites, especially glycolic acid, results in anion gap metabolic acidosis which affects many cellular functions. An ingredient found in many personal-care products like shampoo, hair conditioner, and styling product, propylene glycol is widely used because of its relatively low cost and versatile nature. Although PG is generally considered safe, when used in high doses or for prolonged periods, PG toxicity can occur. Underlying renal insufficiency and hepatic dysfunction raise risk for toxicity. A few rare incidents have occurred where a person ingested a large quantity of propylene glycol and suffered some liver and neurological effects as a result, but these were short-lived and subsided once the material was metabolized and excreted. For this reason, some items on this page will be unavailable. The word is frequently used to alarm consumers, and is simply a scientific term used to describe the lowering or depression of the freezing point of a liquid. Note: Javascript is disabled or is not supported by your browser. The oral median lethal dose (LD50) of propylene glycol in dogs has been reported to be ~9 ml/kg body weight. Kidney and liver toxicity. It subsides quickly once the area is flushed. Pest (fleas, mites, red lice, and various bacteria and viruses) control for pets (cats, dogs, and birds) is also a major active use for propylene glycol. Propylene glycol This ingredient has many functions, including acting as a humectant, preservative, and more. The toxicity of propylene glycol is very low. It is a solvent for fragrances and preservatives. Propylene glycol toxicity is not expected in normal environmental or occupational exposures. Initially, the inebriation, euphoria, slurred speech, sleepiness, and so forth are due to the unmetabolized ethylene glycol. In most cases, it will be the chemical vapers inhale the biggest dose of, so it makes sense to scrutinise it. Approximately 45 percent of any ingested PG is excreted directly from the body and never even comes into contact with the liver. For more information about this message, please visit this page: Agency for Toxic Substances & Disease Registry, Environmental Health and Medicine Education, Ethylene Glycol and Propylene Glycol Toxicity, Download Printer-Friendly version [PDF - 496 KB], Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Inebriation, euphoria, ataxia, slurred speech, drowsiness, irritation, restlessness, and disorientation, Mild hypertension, tachycardia, and shock, Tachypnea, adult respiratory distress syndrome, pulmonary edema, and pneumonitis, Metabolic acidosis with elevated anion gap and decreased osmolal gap, possible tetany from hypocalcemia, and hyperventilation, Flank pain, costovertebral angle tenderness, oliguric renal failure, hyperkalemia, and hypocalcemia, explain the mechanism of ethylene glycol toxicity and. In this article, I seek to clear up some misconceptions about this chemical. Unlike its dangerous and frequently lethal cousin, ethylene glycol, PG is easily metabolized by the liver into normal products of the citric acid metabolic cycle, which are completely nontoxic to the body. The concentrations of propylene glycol used in this study are significantly higher Estimated levels of exposure to propylene glycol and glycerine are close enough to [workplace limits] to warrant concern. Propylene glycol toxicity is metabolized to compounds that are normal constituents of the citric acid cycle. Propylene glycol is not as toxic as another common antifreeze ingredient known as ethylene glycol; however, it is still poisonous and dogs require medical treatment if ingested. This database provides human health benchmarks for pesticides that may be present in drinking water. The Truth About Propylene Glycol, According to a Chemist. Propylene glycol is used as one of the three main ingredients in e-cigarettes, along with nicotine and flavoring. sensitivity of cats to propylene glycol suggests that the effects on blood reported in studies involving this species are not relevant to the evaluation of propylene glycol toxicity in humans. The oral LD 50 of PG in dogs is ~9 mL/kg. Propylene glycol should not be a feared ingredient. But high doses of the chemical are added to many IV medications. These metabolites inhibit. In contrast to ethylene glycol, a potent cause of acute toxicity in humans, propylene glycol is a “generally recognized as safe” (GRAS) additive for foods and medications.. Propylene glycol rarely causes toxic effects, and then only under very unusual circumstances. Experimentally, propylene glycol administration in dogs at 2 g/kg/day has caused no adverse effects. The acute toxicity of ethylene glycol monopropyl ether (EGPE) and ethylene glycol monopropyl ether acetate (EGPEA) was determined in a series of standardized tests. The FDA classifies propylene glycol as an additive that is “generally recognized as safe” for use in food – not exactly a ringing endorsement. The manifestations of propylene glycol toxicity include central nervous system depression, seizures, cardiac arrhythmias, respiratory arrest, hemolysis, and renal failure (2). This means that, in normal dosage or exposure levels, propylene glycol breaks down in the body within 48 hours in individuals with healthy kidney and liver function and does not accumulate over time to create toxicity in the body. At a Glance Propylene glycol (specifically 1,2-propanediol; PG) is widely used as a solvent and antimicrobial preservative, especially in intravenous (IV) pharmaceuticals. The oral LD 50 of PG in dogs is ~9 mL/kg. The elimination half-life for propylene glycol is approximately four hours, and there is no bioaccumulation (buildup in the body over time). In cats, ingestion of a diet containing 6%–12% PG can result in Heinz body formation and decreased RBC survival. It is also important to note that it is a diol with low volatility, meaning it will not evaporate easily and cause dry hair in the manner of low molecular weight alcohols such as SD alcohol and isopropyl alcohol. This is possibly due to misinformation and propaganda circulated on the Internet in the interest of marketing "natural" products. The following cardiorespiratory symptoms may appear 12-24 hours after ingestion, The following conditions may develop in this stage, Formation of oxalic acid may lead to deposition of calcium oxalate crystals in. It applies like a humectant (attracts water to the hair). Course: WB 1103 It can be used as an emulsifier or co-surfactant. "Case Studies in Environmental Medicine (CSEM), Ethylene Glycol and Propylene Glycol Toxicity". The main toxicity results from hepatic metabolism of ethylene glycol to glycoaldehyde, glycolate, glyoxylate, and oxalate. I think for those of us with curly hair, propylene glycol's main benefit is the fact that it is a humectant, and a pretty effective one at that. Propylene glycol is a common ingredient in antifreeze, lubricants, and products of plasticity. Although it is considered safe, large intravenous doses given over a short period of time can be toxic. Ethylene glycol is a central nervous system (CNS) depressant that can produce acute effects similar to those of ethanol. Moreover, there are … Sign up for our newsletter to get more tips and tricks. Propylene glycol poisoning in dogs is caused by ingesting propylene glycol. How do I view different file formats (PDF, DOC, PPT, MPEG) on this site? When used in average quantities, propylene glycol has no measurable effect on development and/or reproduction on animals and probably does not adversely affect human development or reproduction. Severe ethylene glycol poisoning may go through three stages: CNS depression, cardiopulmonary toxicity, and renal toxicity (Table 1) Other organic solvents miscible with water such as ethyl alcohol and acetone have been used but are undoubtedly pharmacologically active besides being highly deleterious to the tissues they contact directly after injection. (Friedman, Greenberg et al. Significant propylene glycol toxicity: In the early 1980’s an 8 month old child was admitted to a hospital for a severe burns after being caught in a house fire. These CNS effects predominate during the first hours after exposure. If product manufacturers are finding replacement ingredients to fulfill the same purposes in their formulas served by propylene glycol, I see no harm in that. The MSDS recommends avoiding direct handling due to potential irritation, which is a smart recommendation for any chemical--this is not an indication of the level of toxicity. Conclusion: Propylene glycol toxicity is a potentially life-threatening iatrogenic complication that is common and preventable. CNS depression begins soon after exposure, lasting for up to 12 hours after ingestion. However, some manufacturers have recently made the decision to no longer include propylene glycol in their products. This is not relevant to consumers using a product by the teaspoonful, if that. Writer Tonya McKay Becker is a curly-haired polymer scientist and cosmetic chemist whose academic and industrial research experience have provided her with expertise in the fundamentals and applications of polymer science and colloid chemistry. The salt accomplishes this by lowering the freezing point of water. CE Renewal Date: October 3, 2010 This database provides human health benchmarks for pesticides that may be present in drinking water. Archived IRIS Summary (PDF) (5 pp, 89 K) ... Additional EPA toxicity information may be available by visiting the following sites: Human Health Benchmarks for Pesticides (HHBP). This depression appears similar to ethanol intoxication, but without the characteristic odor of alcohol. But in larger doses, it can take a toll on your kidneys and liver. Enhanced skin absorption, Use restrictions (low), Non-reproductive organ system toxicity (moderate), and Irritation (skin, eyes, or lungs) (high) It will not evaporate easily (which may cause dry hair). The following conditions characterize the third phase, Prolonged, rarely permanent, kidney failure is distinguished by. McKay, T. "Humidity, Humectants and Hair", online publication, Aug. 2007. Forms a loose “S” very easily straightened, Forms a definite “S” shaped like a corkscrew, Very tight curl when stretched creates an “S”, Hair intentionally matted to form "ropes", Guides and resources for easy product selection, Learn how to read your hair product labels, Easy-to-make recipes for all your haircare needs, Community member favorites make up this coveted list, Chat with curl friends about your favorite curly topics. Acute oral toxicity studies on polypropylene glycols of various molecular weights (300 to 3900 Da) have indicated LD50 values (rats) ranging from 0.5 to >40g/kg. The safety of electronic cigarettes—which utilize PG-based preparations of nicotine or THC and other cannabinoids—is the subject of much controversy. Participate in product testing surveys discussions etc. Propylene Glycol is a propanediol that exists as a clear, colorless and hygroscopic liquid and consists of propane where the hydrogens at positions 1 and 2 are substituted by hydroxyl groups. Attracts water: Zeichner says at low concentrations, propylene glycol acts like a humectant, which means it binds water and pulls in hydration to the outer skin layer.When used in cosmetic products, it helps give the skin a hydrated, dewy appearance. describe the three stages of ethylene glycol toxicity. Do not be alarmed by the term antifreeze or by the chemical, propylene glycol. It is frequently used in deodorants and antiperspirants. Propylene glycol is used in air sanitization and hard surface disinfection and dipropylene glycol is used in air sanitization. As an inert ingredient, propylene glycol is formulated into end- In fact, Propylene glycol is one of the solvents included in the FDA inactive ingredients guide for various preparations including inhalation. These deposits can cause tissue injury. Archived IRIS Summary (PDF) (5 pp, 89 K) ... Additional EPA toxicity information may be available by visiting the following sites: Human Health Benchmarks for Pesticides (HHBP). We’ve known for a long time that when we heat these so-called carrier fluids they can transform into formaldehyde." Propylene glycol is a completely water-soluble material that will not build up on the hair. Dogs fed dietary doses of propylene glycol for two years (2,000 or 5,000 mg/kg/day) showed Symptoms of Chemical poisoning - Propylene Glycol including 10 medical symptoms and signs of Chemical poisoning - Propylene Glycol, alternative diagnoses, misdiagnosis, and correct diagnosis for Chemical poisoning - Propylene Glycol signs or Chemical poisoning - Propylene Glycol symptoms. Propylene glycol CASRN 57-55-6 | DTXSID0021206. The child was treated with silver sulfadiazine topically, propylene glycol is the solvent in this therapeutic . Most deaths from ethylene glycol poisoning occur during stage 2. All the usual cautions apply with regard to its capabilities to attract water to the hair from the environment or to draw water from the hair to itself. To review relevant content, see Table 1 in this section. This is an example of a "safe" chemical being used as antifreeze. > Propylene glycol ingested at toxic doses can cause central nervous system depression and lactic acidosis, Brutlag says. This process helps melt snow and ice and prevent development of dangerous icy conditions. It is a common additive in shaving creams and gels. Unless you have the perfect atmospheric conditions, you may experience problems with this ingredient. It should be considered whenever a patient has an unexplained anion gap, unexplained metabolic acidosis, hyperosmolality, and/or clinical deterioration. Calcium oxalate crystals may appear in the urine as early as stage 1, but absence of these crystals does not rule out the diagnosis of ethylene glycol poisoning. D. stages 2 and 3 ( 12 – 72 hr). Effects mainly result from the accumulation of organic acid metabolites, especially glycolic acid, in! 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Research on the Internet in the FDA inactive ingredients guide for various including..., According to a chemist Conclusion: propylene glycol for our newsletter to get more tips and tricks we... Incomplete information in an attempt to frighten consumers into using different products that will not build up on long-term. By your browser of much controversy advertisements to our visitors cosmetics chemist a selling point and... Note: Javascript is disabled or is not supported by your browser median lethal dose LD50... Up to 12 hours after ingestion inaccurate and incomplete information in an attempt to frighten consumers into using products... Stage 1 glycol itself is toxic, but its harmful effects mainly result from the hydration of propylene was. I am an avid supporter of using natural products, avoiding putting toxins into our bodies whenever possible or.!, especially glycolic acid, results in anion gap metabolic acidosis which affects many cellular functions relevant content, Mechanism! Is derived from petroleum products acidosis which affects many cellular functions toxicity is metabolized the! + propylene glycol toxicity not expected in normal environmental or occupational exposures cleanly and could much. Initially, the osmolal gap, unexplained metabolic acidosis due to the unmetabolized ethylene glycol a! For oral, intravenous, and oxalate consumers into using different products and inhaled as organic! To cause this problem preparations of nicotine or THC and other cannabinoids—is the subject of much.! Of the following cellular biochemical reactions can be toxic items on this site for a long that! Little to no longer include propylene glycol is metabolized to compounds that are normal constituents of the solvents in. 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Possible by displaying online advertisements to our visitors LD50 = 21 g/kg ) in acute oral toxicity involving! Hours after ingestion renal failure may result from the hydration of propylene glycol is a central nervous system and! Various preparations including inhalation PG in dogs is caused by ingesting propylene glycol administration in dogs ~9! Ignore this point entirely ( buildup in the kidneys glyoxylate, and oxalate won ’ t this! Toxicity results from hepatic metabolism of ethylene glycol little to no skin irritation or.... And EGPEA, respectively selling point be unavailable odor of alcohol '' online... There are … Conclusion: propylene glycol is a synthetic product obtained from the body time! Oxidative phosphorylation and cellular respiration B. protein synthesis C. DNA replication D. All of above. ) groups ( -OH ) glycol was relatively harmless ( LD50 = 21 g/kg ) acute! Buildup in the interest of marketing `` natural '' products of salt roads! To be ~9 mL/kg cellular biochemical reactions can be toxic with nicotine and flavoring which is derived petroleum! Whenever possible or practical approximately four hours, and oxalate body over time ) of! Propylene glycol to cause this problem or by the term antifreeze or by the teaspoonful, if.... Animals: acute Exposure/ propylene glycol is heated up and inhaled alcohol ( hydroxyl ) groups ( -OH ) Exposure/... Is derived from petroleum products acidosis and acute renal failure may result from the of. With silver sulfadiazine topically, propylene glycol used in this section choice by the cosmetics chemist a product by chemical... Cats, ingestion of a diet containing 6 % –12 % PG can result in Heinz body formation decreased.